Us Embassy In Iraq Under Attack

[Simon Tan]

The question is whether a new Iraqi PM not linked to Badr will emerge. And survive. Iran has effectively had as much say in Iraq as the US, more in some ways. Much of that is through the PMU and especially Khataib Hezbollah.

[JasonJ]

https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1213593965838163968

[Jeff]

 

The problem is that the leadership in Tehran no longer liked Soleimani after getting his ass handed to him in the battle of Tikrit by the IS in 2015. After that he was their poster boy, which they did sent around to their various militias and smile into the camera and pose for selfies. They could not get rid of him because he was popular, now the US made them very happy.

 

They made him a martyr that now can live on forever in iranian PR. Dead men are much less troublemakers than living ones. So in the longer run it may even be a favour to the rulers of Iran. THough they are never ever going to admit it. And as that caricature shows, the general was not universally liked. Or at least seen as dumb to walk about wihtout caution in Iraq.

 

 

With that logic, it's bad to kill any enemy.

 

Inside the plot by Iran’s Soleimani to attack U.S. forces in Iraq

Reuters staff

JANUARY 3, 2020 / 7:56 PM / UPDATED 7 HOURS AGO

 

(Reuters) - In mid-October, Iranian Major-General Qassem Soleimani met with his Iraqi Shi’ite militia allies at a villa on the banks of the Tigris River, looking across at the U.S. embassy complex in Baghdad.

 

The Revolutionary Guards commander instructed his top ally in Iraq, Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, and other powerful militia leaders to step up attacks on U.S. targets in the country using sophisticated new weapons provided by Iran, two militia commanders and two security sources briefed on the gathering told Reuters.

 

The strategy session, which has not been previously reported, came as mass protests against Iran’s growing influence in Iraq were gaining momentum, putting the Islamic Republic in an unwelcome spotlight. Soleimani’s plans to attack U.S. forces aimed to provoke a military response that would redirect that rising anger toward the United States, according to the sources briefed on the gathering, Iraqi Shi’ite politicians and government officials close to Iraqi Prime Minister Adel Abdul Mahdi.

 

Soleimani’s efforts ended up provoking the U.S. attack on Friday that killed him and Muhandis, marking a major escalation of tensions between the United States and Iran. The two men died in air strikes on their convoy at a Baghdad airport as they headed to the capital, dealing a major blow to the Islamic Republic and the Iraqi paramilitary groups it supports.

 

Interviews with the Iraqi security sources and Shi’ite militia commanders offer a rare glimpse of how Soleimani operated in Iraq, which he once told a Reuters reporter he knew like the back of his hand.

 

Two weeks before the October meeting, Soleimani ordered Iranian Revolutionary Guards to move more sophisticated weapons - such as Katyusha rockets and shoulder-fired missiles that could bring down helicopters - to Iraq through two border crossings, the militia commanders and Iraqi security sources told Reuters.

 

At the Baghdad villa, Soleimani told the assembled commanders to form a new militia group of low-profile paramilitaries - unknown to the United States - who could carry out rocket attacks on Americans housed at Iraqi military bases. He ordered Kataib Hezbollah - a force founded by Muhandis and trained in Iran - to direct the new plan, said the militia sources briefed on the meetings.

 

Soleimani told them such a group “would be difficult to detect by the Americans,” one of the militia sources told Reuters.

 

Before the attacks, the U.S. intelligence community had reason to believe that Soleimani was involved in “late stage” planning to strike Americans in multiple countries, including Iraq, Syria and Lebanon, U.S. officials told Reuters Friday on condition of anonymity. One senior U.S. official said Soleimani had supplied advanced weaponry to Kataib Hezbollah.

 

White House national security adviser Robert O’Brien told reporters on Friday that Soleimani had just come from Damascus, “where he was planning attacks on American soldiers, airmen, Marines, sailors and against our diplomats.”

 

An official at the headquarters of Iran’s Revolutionary Guards declined to comment. A spokesperson for the Iranian foreign ministry was not available for comment.

 

PICKING U.S. TARGETS WITH DRONES

 

The United States has grown increasingly concerned about Iran’s influence over the ruling elite in Iraq, which has been beset for months by protesters who accuse the government of enriching itself and serving the interests of foreign powers, especially Iran, as Iraqis languish in poverty without jobs or basic services.

 

Soleimani, leader of the Revolutionary Guards’ Quds Force, was instrumental in expanding Iran’s military influence in the Middle East as the operative who handles clandestine operations outside Iran. The 62-year-old general was regarded as the second-most powerful figure in Iran after Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.

 

Muhandis, a former Iraqi lawmaker, oversaw Iraq’s Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF), an umbrella grouping of paramilitary forces mostly consisting of Iran-backed Shi’ite militias that was formally integrated into Iraq’s armed forces.

 

Muhandis, like Soleimani, had long been on the radar of the United States, which had declared Muhandis a terrorist. In 2007, a Kuwaiti court sentenced him to death in absentia for his involvement in the 1983 U.S. and French embassy bombings in Kuwait.

 

Soleimani picked Kataib Hezbollah to lead the attacks on U.S. forces in the region because it had the capability to use drones to scout targets for Katyusha rocket attacks, one of the militia commanders told Reuters. Among the weapons that Soleimani’s forces supplied to its Iraqi militia allies last fall was a drone Iran had developed that could elude radar systems, the militia commanders said.

 

Kataib Hezbollah used the drones to gather aerial footage of locations where U.S. troops were deployed, according to two Iraqi security officials who monitor the movements of militias.

 

On December 11, a senior U.S. military official said attacks by Iranian-backed groups on bases hosting U.S. forces in Iraq were increasing and becoming more sophisticated, pushing all sides closer to an uncontrollable escalation.

 

His warning came two days after four Katyusha rockets struck a base near Baghdad international airport, wounding five members of Iraq’s elite Counter-Terrorism Service. No group claimed responsibility for the attack but a U.S. military official said intelligence and forensic analyses of the rockets and launchers pointed to Iranian-backed Shi’ite Muslim militia groups, notably Kataib Hezbollah and Asaib Ahl al-Haq.

 

On Dec. 27 more than 30 rockets were fired at an Iraqi military base near the northern Iraq city of Kirkuk. The attack killed a U.S. civilian contractor and wounded four American and two Iraq servicemen.

 

Washington accused Kataib Hezbollah of carrying out the attack, an allegation it denied. The United States then launched air strikes two days later against the militia, killing at least 25 militia fighters and wounding 55.

 

The attacks sparked two days of violent protests by supporters of Iranian-backed Iraqi paramilitary groups who stormed the U.S. Embassy’s perimeter and hurled rocks, prompting Washington to dispatch extra troops to the region and threaten reprisals against Tehran.

 

On Thursday – the day before the attack that killed Soleimani - U.S. Defense Secretary Mark Esper warned that the United States might have to take preemptive action to protect American lives from expected attacks by Iran-backed militias.

 

“The game has changed,” he said.

 

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-security-soleimani-insight-idUSKBN1Z301Z

 

[Nobu]

The question is whether a new Iraqi PM not linked to Badr will emerge. And survive. Iran has effectively had as much say in Iraq as the US, more in some ways. Much of that is through the PMU and especially Khataib Hezbollah.

 

As an aside, I have been listening to invited commentary on the developing situation across news sources for the past 2 days. Little if any of it approaches this level.

[JasonJ]

 

About UK forces in Iraq.

The UK is reviewing its "force protection" in the Middle East, following the death of a top Iranian general in a US air strike.

Around 400 British Army personnel are deployed in Iraq, across three bases - Camp Taji near Baghdad, Union III in Baghdad, and Erbil in Iraqi Kurdistan.

The UK also has four Royal Navy ships in the Gulf - Type 45 destroyer HMS Defender, Type 23 frigate HMS Montrose and two minenhunters.

UK troops are in the country in a non-combat role, training the Iraqi Security Forces and the Kurdish Security Forces who are tackling the threat of so-called Islamic State.

 

...

https://www.forces.net/news/uk-reviewing-force-protection-middle-east-after-us-air-strike-kills-top-iran-general

 

Yeah, I gather we weren't told either.

 

Just like in northern Syria.

[JasonJ]

 

 

The problem is that the leadership in Tehran no longer liked Soleimani after getting his ass handed to him in the battle of Tikrit by the IS in 2015. After that he was their poster boy, which they did sent around to their various militias and smile into the camera and pose for selfies. They could not get rid of him because he was popular, now the US made them very happy.

 

They made him a martyr that now can live on forever in iranian PR. Dead men are much less troublemakers than living ones. So in the longer run it may even be a favour to the rulers of Iran. THough they are never ever going to admit it. And as that caricature shows, the general was not universally liked. Or at least seen as dumb to walk about wihtout caution in Iraq.

 

 

With that logic, it's bad to kill any enemy.

 

Inside the plot by Iran’s Soleimani to attack U.S. forces in Iraq

Reuters staff

JANUARY 3, 2020 / 7:56 PM / UPDATED 7 HOURS AGO

 

(Reuters) - In mid-October, Iranian Major-General Qassem Soleimani met with his Iraqi Shi’ite militia allies at a villa on the banks of the Tigris River, looking across at the U.S. embassy complex in Baghdad.

 

The Revolutionary Guards commander instructed his top ally in Iraq, Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, and other powerful militia leaders to step up attacks on U.S. targets in the country using sophisticated new weapons provided by Iran, two militia commanders and two security sources briefed on the gathering told Reuters.

 

The strategy session, which has not been previously reported, came as mass protests against Iran’s growing influence in Iraq were gaining momentum, putting the Islamic Republic in an unwelcome spotlight. Soleimani’s plans to attack U.S. forces aimed to provoke a military response that would redirect that rising anger toward the United States, according to the sources briefed on the gathering, Iraqi Shi’ite politicians and government officials close to Iraqi Prime Minister Adel Abdul Mahdi.

 

Soleimani’s efforts ended up provoking the U.S. attack on Friday that killed him and Muhandis, marking a major escalation of tensions between the United States and Iran. The two men died in air strikes on their convoy at a Baghdad airport as they headed to the capital, dealing a major blow to the Islamic Republic and the Iraqi paramilitary groups it supports.

 

Interviews with the Iraqi security sources and Shi’ite militia commanders offer a rare glimpse of how Soleimani operated in Iraq, which he once told a Reuters reporter he knew like the back of his hand.

 

Two weeks before the October meeting, Soleimani ordered Iranian Revolutionary Guards to move more sophisticated weapons - such as Katyusha rockets and shoulder-fired missiles that could bring down helicopters - to Iraq through two border crossings, the militia commanders and Iraqi security sources told Reuters.

 

At the Baghdad villa, Soleimani told the assembled commanders to form a new militia group of low-profile paramilitaries - unknown to the United States - who could carry out rocket attacks on Americans housed at Iraqi military bases. He ordered Kataib Hezbollah - a force founded by Muhandis and trained in Iran - to direct the new plan, said the militia sources briefed on the meetings.

 

Soleimani told them such a group “would be difficult to detect by the Americans,” one of the militia sources told Reuters.

 

Before the attacks, the U.S. intelligence community had reason to believe that Soleimani was involved in “late stage” planning to strike Americans in multiple countries, including Iraq, Syria and Lebanon, U.S. officials told Reuters Friday on condition of anonymity. One senior U.S. official said Soleimani had supplied advanced weaponry to Kataib Hezbollah.

 

White House national security adviser Robert O’Brien told reporters on Friday that Soleimani had just come from Damascus, “where he was planning attacks on American soldiers, airmen, Marines, sailors and against our diplomats.”

 

An official at the headquarters of Iran’s Revolutionary Guards declined to comment. A spokesperson for the Iranian foreign ministry was not available for comment.

 

PICKING U.S. TARGETS WITH DRONES

 

The United States has grown increasingly concerned about Iran’s influence over the ruling elite in Iraq, which has been beset for months by protesters who accuse the government of enriching itself and serving the interests of foreign powers, especially Iran, as Iraqis languish in poverty without jobs or basic services.

 

Soleimani, leader of the Revolutionary Guards’ Quds Force, was instrumental in expanding Iran’s military influence in the Middle East as the operative who handles clandestine operations outside Iran. The 62-year-old general was regarded as the second-most powerful figure in Iran after Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.

 

Muhandis, a former Iraqi lawmaker, oversaw Iraq’s Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF), an umbrella grouping of paramilitary forces mostly consisting of Iran-backed Shi’ite militias that was formally integrated into Iraq’s armed forces.

 

Muhandis, like Soleimani, had long been on the radar of the United States, which had declared Muhandis a terrorist. In 2007, a Kuwaiti court sentenced him to death in absentia for his involvement in the 1983 U.S. and French embassy bombings in Kuwait.

 

Soleimani picked Kataib Hezbollah to lead the attacks on U.S. forces in the region because it had the capability to use drones to scout targets for Katyusha rocket attacks, one of the militia commanders told Reuters. Among the weapons that Soleimani’s forces supplied to its Iraqi militia allies last fall was a drone Iran had developed that could elude radar systems, the militia commanders said.

 

Kataib Hezbollah used the drones to gather aerial footage of locations where U.S. troops were deployed, according to two Iraqi security officials who monitor the movements of militias.

 

On December 11, a senior U.S. military official said attacks by Iranian-backed groups on bases hosting U.S. forces in Iraq were increasing and becoming more sophisticated, pushing all sides closer to an uncontrollable escalation.

 

His warning came two days after four Katyusha rockets struck a base near Baghdad international airport, wounding five members of Iraq’s elite Counter-Terrorism Service. No group claimed responsibility for the attack but a U.S. military official said intelligence and forensic analyses of the rockets and launchers pointed to Iranian-backed Shi’ite Muslim militia groups, notably Kataib Hezbollah and Asaib Ahl al-Haq.

 

On Dec. 27 more than 30 rockets were fired at an Iraqi military base near the northern Iraq city of Kirkuk. The attack killed a U.S. civilian contractor and wounded four American and two Iraq servicemen.

 

Washington accused Kataib Hezbollah of carrying out the attack, an allegation it denied. The United States then launched air strikes two days later against the militia, killing at least 25 militia fighters and wounding 55.

 

The attacks sparked two days of violent protests by supporters of Iranian-backed Iraqi paramilitary groups who stormed the U.S. Embassy’s perimeter and hurled rocks, prompting Washington to dispatch extra troops to the region and threaten reprisals against Tehran.

 

On Thursday – the day before the attack that killed Soleimani - U.S. Defense Secretary Mark Esper warned that the United States might have to take preemptive action to protect American lives from expected attacks by Iran-backed militias.

 

“The game has changed,” he said.

 

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-security-soleimani-insight-idUSKBN1Z301Z

 

 

 

To take the judgement of killing Soleimani to the end might require another full blown occupation of Iraq for large scale capture and killing of pro-Iranian people. Is Trump ready for that?

 

I'm afraid but wouldn't be surprised that the current western media is belittling Iran backed side in Iraq government and public sentiment. Thus the US could get into another commitment that its not ready for. And turn into another tactical win but strategic loss.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq

Edited January 5, 2020 by JasonJ

[Nobu]

They made him a martyr that now can live on forever in iranian PR. Dead men are much less troublemakers than living ones. So in the longer run it may even be a favour to the rulers of Iran. THough they are never ever going to admit it. And as that caricature shows, the general was not universally liked. Or at least seen as dumb to walk about wihtout caution in Iraq.

 

Whether Iran can afford to not respond to the strike on this basis is a different matter, for the sake of deterrence alone.

[Simon Tan]

Having Iranian friends and extended family helps give a glimpse into their mindset. They divide actions in the public and private domain. The Ghost very much exemplified this, being the private hidden hand of the Supreme Leader. Quds does not report to Sepah, only Supreme Leader. Killing him in public and putting it front and center is getting inside the OODA loop and refusing the artificial veil.

[JasonJ]

https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1213689342272659456

https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1213684819537932293

[Stuart Galbraith]

Jesus H Christ.

[Simon Tan]

Quds was willing to take the losses of the shadow campaign. It worked in their favor. This is taking away that option. Everything is public.

[JasonJ]

Kata'ib Hezbollah warned Iraqi security forces to move away from US bases.

 

 

 

BAGHDAD, Jan. 4 (Xinhua) -- The Iranian-backed Iraqi Shiite militia Kata'ib Hezbollah (KH) warned Saturday the Iraqi security forces to move away from the U.S. bases with no less than 1,000 meters starting from Sunday.

Abu Ali al-Askari, security leader of KH tweeted that "brothers in the Iraqi security services must stay away from the bases of the American enemy for a distance of no less than a thousand meters, starting from Sunday evening."

"The leaders of the security services must abide by the safety rules of their fighters and not allow them to be a human shield," al-Askari said.

The Iraqi parliament is scheduled to hold an emergency session to discuss the consequences of the killing of Qassem Soleimani, commander of the Quds Force of Iran's Islamic Revolution Guards Corps, and Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, deputy chief of Iraq's paramilitary Hashd Shaabi forces by a U.S. drone airstrike.

Al-Askari's announcement came after two attacks targeting U.S. forces in Baghdad's Green Zone which houses the U.S. embassy, and a military air base housing U.S. troops in Salahudin province.

The attacks took place after a U.S. drone attack ordered by President Donald Trump killed Soleimani and al-Muhandis near Baghdad International Airport early on Friday.

Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and President Hassan Rouhani have vowed to retaliate against the United States over Soleimani's death.

Over 5,000 U.S. troops have been deployed in Iraq to support the Iraqi forces in the battles against Islamic State (IS) militants, mainly providing training and advising to the Iraqi forces.

The troops are part of the U.S.-led international coalition that has been conducting air raids against IS targets in both Iraq and Syria.

http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/05/c_138678660.htm

[JasonJ]

Iraqi parliament holding emergency session in which some politicians are saying they want to make a bill for having a vote on requesting the US to leave Iraq on grounds of violating Iraq sovereignty.

 

 

 

BAGHDAD (Reuters) - Iraq’s parliament is set to convene an extraordinary session on Sunday where lawmakers told Reuters they would push for a vote on a resolution requiring the government to request the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq.

The session comes two days after a U.S. drone strike on a convoy at Baghdad airport which killed Iranian military commander Qassem Soleimani and Iraqi militia leader Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis.

“There is no need for the presence of American forces after defeating Daesh (Islamic State),” said Ammar al-Shibli, a Shi’ite lawmaker and member of the parliamentary legal committee.

“We have our own armed forces which are capable of protecting the country,” he said.

Despite decades of enmity between Iran and the United States, Iran-backed militia and U.S. troops fought side by side during Iraq’s 2014-2017 war against Islamic State militants.

Around 5,000 U.S. troops remain in Iraq, most of them in an advisory capacity.

The militia were incorporated into government forces under the umbrella of the Popular Mobilisation Forces which Muhandis led.

Many Iraqis, including opponents of Soleimani, have expressed anger at Washington for killing the two men on Iraqi soil and possibly dragging their country into another conflict.

Since the killings, rival Shi’ite political leaders have called for U.S. troops to be expelled from Iraq in an unusual show of unity among factions that have squabbled for months.

Hadi al-Amiri, the top candidate to succeed Muhandis, repeated his call for U.S. troops to leave Iraq on Saturday during an elaborate funeral procession for those killed in the attack.

A vote to expel U.S. troops would need parliament to pass a law obliging the Iraqi government to ask U.S. troops to leave.

Prime Minister Adel Abdul Mahdi, who is now caretaker prime minister after resigning in November under pressure from street protests, on Friday called for parliament to convene an extraordinary session to take legislative steps to protect Iraq’s sovereignty.

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-security-parliament/iraq-parliament-to-convene-amid-calls-to-expel-us-troops-idUSKBN1Z407Z

[Adam Peter]

Who profits? The oil exporters: USA, Russia, Iran, ...

Who will loss the most? China.

 

Maybe a first step to the New Deal.

[Nobu]

With respect to their binary domain mindset, killing him in public would also seem to represent a loss of face for Iran and Iranians. Their minimization of it sounds a bit like face saving along the lines of minimizing the impact of Yamamoto's assassination to mask the pain and shame of it.

[Simon Tan]

Hassan Nasrallah is having a very enlightening diatribe. Well worth listening to for context.

[Stargrunt6]

 

 

Meanwhile, can the anti Trumpers finally put the Trump-Putin collusion nonsense to rest now that he has bombed a general of one of a Russian ally?

It's been particularly amusing browsing reddit and seeing in the same threads folks 1) talk about how this attack came after Trump talked to Putin and clearly Putin either directed him or gave the ok for the attack and 2) talk about how Russia has a defense treaty with Iran and will declare war on the US if anything more happens.

 

I'm no fan of Trump but this whole affair just highlights how real TDS is. The dissonance is painful to read.

When reading posts like that on reddit, I have to remind myself that reddit is mostly lonely teenagers and early 20s.

[Simon Tan]

Mahdi is proposing to ask foreign troops to leave Iraq. Or impose new limitations.

[BansheeOne]

And the parliament just voted for it. Of course I was thinking earlier that if Trump's idea was to declare victory over Iranian aggression and go home because the situation subsequently turned untenable, it would be quite in line with his prior policies, and moreover with what he was elected for. Of course you abandon Iraq to Iran, but things have been moving into that direction ever since "Mission Accomplished". Might as well save the blood and treasure, and cut to the case.

[Burncycle360]

Nope, it was symbolic. Theyre allowed to stay under the new terminology of trainers

 

Right up there with unseasonal precipitation, austere scholars and easter worshippers.

 

Wouldnt have mattered anyway, Iranian backed militias are made up predominantly of Shia Iraqis so even if foreign troops had to leave Iran still has a foothold. And if the Govt couldnt fight daesh without their help, they sure as hell cant maintain their own existence without outside assistance.

Edited January 5, 2020 by Burncycle360

[DKTanker]

Good, pull out every last troop, adviser, contractor, diplomat, piece of equipment, and destroy the Green zone on the way out. Let the savages savage each other while maintaining an umbrella over the region lest they think about a further spread of their savagery.

[BansheeOne]

You are E5M, and I claim my five pound!

[Jeff]

Jesus H Christ.

 

Your fainting couch sir, and some pearls to clutch.

[Jeff]

Iraqi parliament holding emergency session in which some politicians are saying they want to make a bill for having a vote on requesting the US to leave Iraq on grounds of violating Iraq sovereignty.

 

 

 

BAGHDAD (Reuters) - Iraq’s parliament is set to convene an extraordinary session on Sunday where lawmakers told Reuters they would push for a vote on a resolution requiring the government to request the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq.

 

The session comes two days after a U.S. drone strike on a convoy at Baghdad airport which killed Iranian military commander Qassem Soleimani and Iraqi militia leader Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis.

 

“There is no need for the presence of American forces after defeating Daesh (Islamic State),” said Ammar al-Shibli, a Shi’ite lawmaker and member of the parliamentary legal committee.

 

“We have our own armed forces which are capable of protecting the country,” he said.

 

Despite decades of enmity between Iran and the United States, Iran-backed militia and U.S. troops fought side by side during Iraq’s 2014-2017 war against Islamic State militants.

 

Around 5,000 U.S. troops remain in Iraq, most of them in an advisory capacity.

 

The militia were incorporated into government forces under the umbrella of the Popular Mobilisation Forces which Muhandis led.

 

Many Iraqis, including opponents of Soleimani, have expressed anger at Washington for killing the two men on Iraqi soil and possibly dragging their country into another conflict.

 

Since the killings, rival Shi’ite political leaders have called for U.S. troops to be expelled from Iraq in an unusual show of unity among factions that have squabbled for months.

 

Hadi al-Amiri, the top candidate to succeed Muhandis, repeated his call for U.S. troops to leave Iraq on Saturday during an elaborate funeral procession for those killed in the attack.

 

A vote to expel U.S. troops would need parliament to pass a law obliging the Iraqi government to ask U.S. troops to leave.

 

Prime Minister Adel Abdul Mahdi, who is now caretaker prime minister after resigning in November under pressure from street protests, on Friday called for parliament to convene an extraordinary session to take legislative steps to protect Iraq’s sovereignty.

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-security-parliament/iraq-parliament-to-convene-amid-calls-to-expel-us-troops-idUSKBN1Z407Z

 

Non-binding

[Ivanhoe]

Iran is losing the FB meme war...