vardulli

I visited the Roman-German museum a few weeks ago. couple of things - many of the items are actually copies, although there are some very nice originals mixed in with them, you need to check the labels. and there was a very helpful security guard when i visited-- ex-German army, fan of the Roman army who spoke very good English... nice chap. Turkey is good visited a couple of places there a couple of years ago Ephesus, Bodrum, and Hierapolis-Pamukkale. the latter has some superb gladiator figures

Kalkriese - the museum has changed, since the site was first developed. There are not a great number of finds, but some are extremely good - and the early date and history of the site would make it worth a visit IMHO - but if you want lots of finds and ruins you will be probably be disappointed Cologne has a superb collection - quite a few military stones Bonn is as good with both stones and military objects ie some helmets Munich has a good collection of military objects - in particular helmets and a large collection of daggers Mainz has several museums although the best from a military point of view is closed until 2010 (as I found out a few weeks ago :-() Frankfurt has a good collection a couple of nice helmets in particular Wiesbaden also has a good collection - several helmets, but dont miss the military stones in the courtyard - very easy to do Trier has several good sites to have a look at. outside Germany Carnuntum has one of the best collection of military objects Ive seen, there are many military stones on site too there are number of smaller sites down the Danube, which are great Holland - Leiden is worth a visit, a good collection some military finds and Nijmegen is great, some really nice military finds

true, denim is the norm [post=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/HeavyMetalJckt.jpg/180px-HeavyMetalJckt.jpg]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/HeavyMetalJckt.jpg/180px-HeavyMetalJckt.jpg[/post]

Deep sea divers have found the wreck of a Royal Navy warship which sank during the American Revolution. The discovery of HMS Ontario, at the bottom of one of the Great Lakes on the US-Canada border, has been hailed an "archaeological miracle". BBC

Officers etc standard-bearers- did have authority and role other than simply holding the flag. IIRC they were responsible for managing the soldiers pay and savings etc. centurions - did have roles outside the legions and were not necessarily just stuck out on the frontiers with the legions when i get to my sources (ie books) i will be able to provide better examples of centurions holding positions of authority away from the legions. there was one IIRC who held a post of regional responsibility and there more centurions about than the number of posts in the army structure

peoples of the Roman army- i think to remember that despite all the evidence that there is much that is not clear about the Roman army also that there are variations over time and place during the 1st century people from Rome and Italy decline as a percentage of the soldiers in the legions IIRC it was after the Batavian revolt in 69 that auxiliary troops were stationed away from their homeland. however troops were often recruited locally, so that for instance a soldier from Gloucester, England served in the North of England in a unit originally raised in northern Spain decades earlier. therefore the origins of the soldiers in the unit may not match the title of the auxiliary cohort/ala and so you would find locals serving locally. the garrison of Britain was not strictly speaking 30 locally recruited auxiliary units, but it is certainly the case that local recruit served in these units- recruits could and did get posted abroad and units could be sent in whole or in part to other provinces, from which they may never return. armour- it is not possible to state which armour types were predominate for instance Trajans Column - shows legionaries in segmentata during Trajans Dacian campaigns the Adamklissi monument - also shows legionaries during the same wars, with not a shred of segmentata. the soldiers all wear mail or scale. in fact outside of Trajans column and similar triumphal monuments, I am not aware of a definite example (there are some 'maybes') of a representation of a Roman soldier in segmentata, whereas mail and scale are represented. It could be that the unarmoured examples from 'grave stones' would have worn segmentata. archaeological remains show all three major armour types and I doubt if it is possible to get a relative percentage from these

An influential Polish member of the European parliament has called for the EU to develop "hard power" and spend more money to build a European army. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7439104.stm A good idea? Personally I think there is world of difference between operating under a EU banner and having an EU army. would be a worrying event if it did happen IMHO.

A British nuclear-powered submarine has been damaged after it hit rocks in the Red Sea, defence officials say. HMS Superb hit an underwater rock on 26 May and damage to its sonar equipment forced it to surface. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7422774.stm

looks like part of the NAAFI EFI

cheers for that, I've always liked his work

given the original question I wonder what the possible outcome would be to drop a Roman army c100AD into one of the battles of the Hundred Years War c1400, replacing one of the original armies, but retaining its numbers? to tie down the troop types the Romans may have had available. perhaps Trajan, instead of holidaying in Dacia, ends up in medieval Europe?

greetings Chris I got a copy of 'the cost of seapower' a while ago, could have been from from one of those bargain book shops as it still has the £2.00 sticker on it. Ill look out for another for you (if you wish) and if the 'wish list' is not just in your head email it to me. I am going to visit a certain shop down in Maldon in January (which is closing) hoping to get some bargains Mark M

"the equites cohortis VI Commagenorum had been unable to match the high rate of fire and wheelings of the men of the alae, but had fired stones from slings and fought with missiles satisfactorily" from Service in the Roman Army R Davies Roman cavalry using slings I read somewhere that sling shot was more feared than arrows, because of the wounds it caused. Cannot recall where I read this

well if you mean by the ability to generate high expectation following a couple of minor victories, which ends with a runners-up medal when defeated by a team who has spent years training for the moment..............................

The "Sword of Tiberius" which is dated to Early 1st century AD is low carbon iron sandwiched between two carburized steel strips. The 'Roman' saddle which has been reconstructed and use in re-enactments had demonstrated that it is as effective as stirrups in holding the rider in place - I haven't yet found a date for the introduction of this saddle. 'professional NCO and officer corps' actually just as likely (more likely in case of officers) to be amateurs commanding professional squaddies